清真寺
系列條目 |
伊斯蘭教 |
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清真寺(阿拉伯語:單數مسجد / جامع masjid / jāmiʿ,複數مساجد / جوامع masājid / jawāmiʿ),又稱回教堂、伊斯蘭教寺、禮拜寺,麥斯智德、是供穆斯林群眾使用的宗教場所。
對於什麼宗教場所可視作清真寺,遜尼派的伊斯蘭教法學裡有嚴格以及具體的要求,不符合規定的場所則稱作musallah。[1]正式被劃定為清真寺的場地(通常是更大綜合建築物的一小部分)有嚴格的使用限制,而伊斯蘭教法規定,一旦某個場地被正式劃定為清真寺,該場所將直到末日都作為清真寺用途,[1]被非穆斯林摧毀或占用的情形是絕對不容許的(僅為理論,比如西班牙哥多華主教座堂正是從哥多華清真寺改變的)。
許多清真寺都有精緻的圓頂、叫拜樓和禮拜殿,各有獨特的建築風格。清真寺起源於阿拉伯半島,如今所有人類聚居的大陸裡均能發現其蹤影,用作穆斯林(伊斯蘭教徒)禮拜的地方,也可以作傳達信息、教育以及爭議解決等用途。清真寺的會眾由伊瑪目帶領禱告。
詞源

阿拉伯文的مسجد masjid一詞,其詞根為سجد sajada,意為「拜倒」,因為穆斯林禮拜時需要拜倒叩拜。[2]
歷史
全世界的第一座清真寺通常被認為是位於麥加、以克爾白為中心的禁寺。[3]早在公元638年起,禁寺就擴大了若干次,為的是容納日益增多、住在禁寺周邊地區或每年前往麥加朝聖的伊斯蘭教徒。[4]也有意見認為史上第一座清真寺則應該是坐落在今麥地那的庫巴清真寺,因為這是穆罕默德先知在622年從麥加遷移時建造的第一座建築。[5]

穆罕默德先知接著在麥地那親自再建設一座清真寺,現稱作先知清真寺,並幫助開拓清真寺作為伊斯蘭城市的重點的概念。[6]先知清真寺的一些特點,在當今清真寺也仍常見,其中包括設於禮拜殿後牆正中處的小拱門的米哈拉布以及講台敏拜爾,[7]該清真寺也建有一個大庭院,清真寺自此都常見這樣的設計。[6]
宗教活動
現代政治角色
20世紀末,作為政治用途的清真寺數量日漸增多,而當今西方世界的清真寺通常也會倡導民間參與。正因為清真寺在社群裡的重要性,所以清真寺被用來宣揚與非信徒的和平共存,即使是在逆境中。
大型清真寺有時也會扮演政治角色,如孟加拉、巴基斯坦、伊朗和伊拉克(2003年後)等伊斯蘭國家的伊瑪目會定期在星期五的禱告上宣揚政治主張,[9]其他伊斯蘭國家的伊瑪目則一般禁止談及政治課題。
宣揚
伊斯蘭教徒為少數群體的國家和地區比伊斯蘭教徒占主體的大中東國家和地區更有可能會通過清真寺作為倡導民間參與的一種方式。[10]美國的清真寺會主辦選民登記和民間參與運動,以促進通常是第一代或第二代的穆斯林移民參與政治。正因如此,再加上清真寺也會嘗試及時告知穆斯林居民有關穆斯林社群所面臨的問題,清真寺的人員更有可能參加示威、在請願書上簽名或涉及其他政治活動。[10]
組成建築
清真寺內不得有任何形式的偶像,即沒有任何人物、動物、圖騰和標誌的雕像、畫像,也不需要任何供品(因為造物主-真主-是無求的 主),只有圍繞的柱廊,中心一個大拱頂,主要的牆要向著麥加的卡巴方向,牆中間有一個凹下的壁,叫做米哈拉布(محراب),是指示穆斯林禮拜方向的。壁中有一座帶階梯的高台,是在主麻日時,為伊瑪目站在上面帶領誦讀《古蘭經》、講道、宣布消息--等用的,叫敏拜爾(منبر),誦讀《古蘭經》時不得有任何道具或樂器及音樂和歌唱。底下一般鋪有地毯,因為穆斯林需要赤腳禮拜。清真寺外面或一進門地方有自來水或噴泉,要求穆斯林洗淨手、臉、腳(小淨)後才能禮拜。不同清真寺有為區隔男女禮拜有不同設計和設施。女性多數在家禮拜,很少到清真寺禮拜。有穆斯林帶領下非穆斯林是允許進入禮拜殿的。穆斯林在清真寺內禮拜時要排成長排,跪拜俯伏在地、以額觸地、禮和拜獨一無二的造物主——真主。
由於《古蘭經》要求穆斯林每日要做五次禮拜:日出前、正午後、下午時、日落和進入黑夜,在古代沒有時鐘的情況下,很難掌握統一的時間,因此在清真寺外建有叫拜樓,每到禮拜時間,就有喚禮者在塔上大聲呼喚,有的大清真寺四周有幾個叫拜樓,現代都裝有擴音器,不再或很少上叫拜樓喚禮(Azan),但是某些傳統清真寺仍保留宣禮員上塔喚禮這一方式。
參考文獻
引用
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Fiqh of Masjid & Musalla. Qa.sunnipath.com. 2005-07-03 [2011-11-03]. (原始內容存檔於2011-10-19).
- ^ "masjid, n.". OED Online. December 2011. Oxford University Press. [1].
- ^ Kuban 1974,第1頁
- ^ Dumper & Stanley 2007,第241頁
- ^ Tajuddin 1998,第135頁
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Chiu 2010,第67–8頁
- ^ Cosman & Jones 2008,第610頁
-
^ Eade, John. Nationalism, Community, and the Islamization of Space in London. Metcalf, Barbara Daly (編). Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1996 [2015-04-19]. ISBN 0520204042. (原始內容存檔於2015-04-27).
As one of the few mosques in Britain permitted to broadcast calls to prayer (azan), the mosque soon found itself at the center of a public debate about 「noise pollution」 when local non-Muslim residents began to protest.
- ^ What Muslims Hear at Friday Prayers. Der Spiegel. 2006-04-19 [2010-10-31]. (原始內容存檔於2012-05-16).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Jamal, Amany. The Role of Mosques in the Civic and Political Incorporation of Muslim American. Teachers' College – Columbia University. [2006-04-22]. (原始內容存檔於2007-09-28).
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