毛利語
毛利語 | |
---|---|
reo Māori | |
發音 | [ˈmaːɔɾi]; listen |
母語國家和地區 |
紐西蘭 庫克群島 紐埃 |
區域 | 玻里尼西亞 |
母語使用人數 | 100,000-160,000 (估計)(日期不詳) |
語系 | |
官方地位 | |
作為官方語言 | 紐西蘭、 庫克群島 |
管理機構 | Maori Language Commission |
語言代碼 | |
ISO 639-1 | mi |
ISO 639-2 |
mao (B) mri (T)
|
ISO 639-3 | mri |
ELP | Māori |
瀕危程度 | |
聯合國教科文組織認定的瀕危語言[1] 脆弱(UNESCO) |
毛利語(毛利語:Māori,也被稱為te reo,「語言」之意)是紐西蘭原住民毛利人的語言、也是紐西蘭的三種官方語言之一,另兩種是英語和手語。毛利人從太平洋諸島來到紐西蘭之後、語音基本上變化很少。基本上各地的人都可以溝通無礙。
語音系統
元音
前元音 | 央元音 | 後元音 | |
---|---|---|---|
閉元音 | i | u [ʉ] | |
半開元音 | e [ɛ] | o [ɔ] | |
開元音 | a |
輔音
雙唇音 | 齒齦音 | 軟齶音 | 聲門音 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
不送氣塞音 | p | t | k | |
清擦音 |
wh [f, ɸ, ʍ] |
h | ||
鼻音 | m | n |
ng [ŋ] |
|
閃音 |
r [r, ɾ] |
|||
半元音 | w |
文字
毛利人原來沒有文字,後來英國移民來到,採用拉丁字母拼寫毛利語言,毛利語只有15個字母,分別如下:
當中「R」是顫音、「Wh」基本上發/f/音或/Φ/音、但北部亦有發/h/音或/hw/的。
方言
毛利語亦有地區性的方言,比較普遍的有 Tainui 和 Waikato 方言。
日曆
|
|
日常用語
Kia Ora: 你好
Morena: 早安
Po marie: 晚安
Ko wai tō ingoa: 你叫甚麼名字?
Ko___tōku ingoa: 我的名字是___
No___ahau: 我在___來
Haere mai: 歡迎
Haere ra: 再會
範例
Ko te katoa o ngā tāngata i te whanaungatanga mai e wātea ana i ngā here katoa; e tauriterite ana hoki ngā mana me ngā tika. E whakawhiwhia ana hoki ki a rātou te ngākau whai whakaaro me te hinengaro mōhio ki te tika me te hē, ā e tika ana kia meinga te mahi a tētahi ki tētahi me ma roto atu i te wairua o te noho tahi, anō he teina he tuakana i ringa i te whakaaro kotahi.
漢譯:人皆生而自由;在尊嚴及權利上均各平等。人各賦有理性良知,誠應和睦相處,情同手足。(《世界人權宣言》第一條)
參考文獻
- Biggs, Bruce (1994). Does Māori have a closest relative? In Sutton (ed.)(1994), pp. 96–105.
- Biggs, Bruce (1998). Let's Learn Māori. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
- Biggs, Bruce. 1988. Towards the study of Maori dialects. In Ray Harlow and Robin Hooper, eds. VICAL 1: Oceanic languages. Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian linguistics. Auckland, New Zealand. January 1988, Part I. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand.
- Bauer, Winifred (1997). Reference Grammar of Māori. Auckland: Reed.
- Bauer, Winifred. 1993. Maori. Routledge. Series: Routledge descriptive grammars.
- Clark, Ross (1994). Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence. In Sutton (ed.)(1994), pp. 123–135.
- Harlow, Ray. 1996. Maori. LINCOM Europa.
- Harlow, Ray (1994). Māori Dialectology and the Settlement of New Zealand. In Sutton (ed.)(1994), pp. 106–122.
- Sutton, Douglas G. (編). The Origins of the First New Zealanders. Auckland: Auckland University Press. 1994: 269 [2010-06-10]. ISBN 1869400984. (原始內容存檔於2011-05-11).
參閲
- 毛利語周
- 毛利語盲文
- 毛利語音系
外部連結
- Māori Language Act 1987
- korero.maori.nz (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Māori language educational resources
- Ethnologue report for Maori (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Māori Language Commission (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (sets definitive standards).
- English and Māori Word Translator, originally developed at the 奧塔哥大學.
- Ngata Māori–English English–Māori Dictionary from Learning Media; gives several options and shows use in phrases.
- Collection of historic Māori newspapers
- Maori Phonology (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- maorilanguage.net (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Learn the basics of Māori Language with video tutorials
- Microsoft New Zealand Māori Keyboard
- Maori Language Week (NZHistory) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) - includes a history of the Māori language, the Treaty of Waitangi Māori Language claim and 100 words every New Zealander should know
- Huia Publishers (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), catalogue includes Tirohia Kimihia the world's first Māori monolingual dictionary for learners
- IMDb website; Māori language films (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Publications about Māori language (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) from Te Puni Kōkiri, the Ministry of Māori Development