單位換算是指通過乘以換算係數實現不同計量單位間的等量換算。
換算技術
過程
單位換算過程與用戶具體情況和預期目的相關。可能受法令、合同、技術規格或其它出版物技術標準的限制。工程判斷可能包括以下因素:
某些從一個單位系統需要不增減精度地向另一個單位體系嚴密轉換第一個量度。有時被稱為「軟轉換」。它不涉及更改被計量的物理配置。
與之相比,「硬轉換」或「適應轉換」可能不完全相等。它更改計量以適合在新體系內的有效數字與單位。它有時涉及項目的稍微不同的配置或尺寸替代。有時允許並使用標稱值。
換算係數
此條目內不列出在公制單位國際單位制詞頭間的轉換(例如:1 千克 = 1000 克, 1 毫克 = 0.001 克)。除非單位還有其他常見名稱。
表格次序
各表內的單位以其英文字詞的字母順序列出,突出顯示SI單位(基本單位或導出單位)。
換算係數表
此條目給出列於索引內的各個物理量數值轉換係數列表。各物理量不同單位的數值以相應的SI術語表示並顯示(某些僅有歷史意義)。
圖例
符號
|
定義
|
≡
|
嚴格等於
|
≈
|
近似等於
|
數字
|
表示數字無限循環(例如8.294369表示8.294369369369369…)
|
(H)
|
過去使用
|
長度
長度
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
埃 |
Å
|
≡ m
|
≡ 0.1 nm
|
天文單位 |
AU
|
≡ 149597870700 m ≈ 地球與太陽之間的距離
|
≡ 149597870700 m [1]
|
Barleycorn(H) |
|
= in(參見上面關於捨入的說明)
|
≈ m
|
玻爾,原子長度單位
|
a0
|
≡ 氫的玻爾半徑
|
≈ m[2]
|
鏈(英制)(cable length) |
|
≡ 608 ft
|
≈ 185.3184 m
|
鏈(國際)(cable length) |
|
≡ 海里
|
≡ 185.2 m
|
鏈(美國)(cable length) |
|
≡ 720 英尺
|
= 219.456 m
|
測鏈 (chain) |
ch
|
≡ 66英尺(美國) ≡ 4 竿 (單位)[3]
|
≈ 20.11684 米
|
腕尺、肘(cubit)(H) |
|
≡ 從手指到肘部的距離 ≈ 18 in
|
≈ 0.5 m
|
厄爾(H) |
ell
|
≡ 45 in [4](通常在英格蘭使用)
|
= 1.143 m
|
噚 |
fm
|
≡ 6 ft [4]
|
= 1.8288 m
|
飛米 |
fm
|
≡ 1×10−15 米[4]
|
≡ 1×10−15 米
|
finger(長度單位) |
|
≡ in
|
= 0.022225 米
|
finger(長度單位)(服裝) |
|
≡ in
|
= 0.1143 m
|
英尺 (Benoît)(H) |
ft (Ben)
|
|
≈ 0.304799735 米
|
英尺 (Cape)(H) |
|
於1859年由法律規定為1.033英國英尺
|
≈ 0.314858 米
|
英尺 (Clarke's)(H) |
ft (Cla)
|
|
≈ 0.3047972654 米
|
英尺(印度)(H) |
ft Ind
|
|
≈ 0.304799514 米
|
英尺(國際) |
ft
|
≡ 0.3048 m ≡ yd ≡ 12 英寸
|
≡ 0.3048 m
|
英尺 (Sear's)(H) |
ft (Sear)
|
|
≈ 0.30479947 米
|
英尺(美國測量) |
ft(美國)
|
≡ m [5]
|
≈ 0.304800610 米
|
french; charriere |
F
|
≡ mm
|
= m
|
浪 |
fur
|
≡ 10 測鏈 = 660 ft = 220 yd [4]
|
= 201.168 m
|
hand |
|
≡ 4 in [4]
|
≡ 0.1016 m
|
英寸(國際) |
in
|
≡ 2.54 cm ≡ yd ≡ ft
|
≡ 0.0254 m
|
里格 (land) |
lea
|
≡ 3 美制英里 [3]
|
= 4828.032 m
|
光日 |
|
≡ 24 光時
|
≡ 2.59020683712×1013 米
|
光時 |
|
≡ 60 光分
|
≡ 1.0792528488×1012 米
|
光分 |
|
≡ 60 光秒
|
≡ 1.798754748×1010 米
|
光秒 |
|
≡ 光在真空中1秒走過的距離
|
≡ 299792458 m
|
光年 |
ly
|
≡ 光在真空中365.25天走過的距離[6]
|
= 9.4607304725808×1015 米
|
line |
ln
|
≡ in [7]
|
= m
|
link (Gunter's; Surveyor's) |
lnk
|
≡ ch [4] ≡ 0.66 ft ≡ 7.92 in
測鏈 (chain) 上組成鏈的環節 (link),下同
|
= 0.201168 米
|
link (Ramsden's; Engineer's) |
lnk
|
≡ 1 ft [4]
|
= 0.3048 m
|
米(國際單位制基本單位) |
m
|
≡ 光在真空中秒走過的距離[8] ≈ 赤道至南極點或北極點距離的
|
≡ 1 m
|
mickey |
|
≡ in
|
= 1.27×10−4 米
|
微米 |
µ
|
|
≡ 1×10−6 米
|
密耳 (mil; thou) |
mil
|
≡ 1×10−3 英寸
|
≡ 2.54×10−5 米
|
挪威/瑞典密耳 |
mil
|
≡ 10 km
|
= 10000 m
|
地理英里(H) |
|
≡ 6082 ft
|
= 1853.7936 m
|
英里(國際) |
mi
|
≡ 80 測鏈 ≡ 5280 ft ≡ 1760 yd
|
≡ 1609.344 m
|
英里(戰術或數據) |
|
≡ 6000 ft
|
≡ 1828.8 m
|
英里(電報)(H) |
mi
|
≡ 6087 ft
|
= 1855.3176 m
|
英里 (美國測量) |
mi
|
≡ 5280 美國測量英尺 ≡ () m
|
≈ 1609.347219 m
|
nail(服裝) |
|
≡ in [4]
|
= 0.057 15 m
|
奈米 |
nm
|
≡ 1×10−9 米
|
≡ 1×10−9 米
|
海里格 (nautical league) |
NL; nl
|
≡ 3 nmi [4]
|
= 5556 m
|
海里 (Admiralty) |
NM (Adm); nmi (Adm)
|
= 6080 ft
|
= 1853.184 m
|
海里(國際) |
NM; nmi
|
≡ 1852 m [9]
|
≡ 1852 m
|
海里(美國1954年前) |
|
≡ 1853.248 m
|
≡ 1853.248 m
|
pace |
|
≡ 2.5 ft [4]
|
= 0.762 m
|
plam |
|
≡ 3 in [4]
|
= 0.0762 m
|
秒差距 |
pc
|
與一個天文單位為一弧秒視差移位的恆星距離
|
≈ m [10]
|
皮卡、派卡 (pica) |
|
≡ 12 點
|
由點量度決定。
|
點(美英)[11][12]
|
pt
|
≡ in
|
≈ 0.000 351 450 m
|
點 (Didot; 歐洲) [12][13]
|
pt
|
≡ of pied du roi;
1878年後: ≡ cm
|
≈ 0.000 375 97 m;
1878年後: ≈ 0.000 375 939 85 m
|
點 (PostScript) [11]
|
pt
|
≡ in
|
= m
|
點 (TeX) [11]
|
pt
|
≡ in
|
= m
|
quarter |
|
≡ yd
|
= 0.2286 m
|
杆 (rod; pole; perch)(H) |
rd
|
≡ ft
|
= 5.0292 m
|
Rope(H) |
rope
|
≡ 20 ft [4]
|
= 6.096 m
|
span(H) |
|
≡ 9 in [4]
|
= 0.2286 m
|
spat [14]
|
|
|
≡ 1×1012 m
|
stick(H) |
|
≡ 2 in
|
= 0.0508 m
|
stigma; bicron (皮米) |
pm
|
|
≡ 1×10−12 m
|
緹 (twip) |
twp
|
≡ in
|
= m
|
x unit; siegbahn |
xu
|
|
≈ 1.0021×10−13 m [4]
|
碼(國際) |
yd
|
≡ 0.9144 m [5] ≡ 3 ft ≡ 36 in
|
≡ 0.9144 m
|
面積
面積
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
英畝(國際) |
ac
|
≡ 1浪 × 1鏈 = 4840 平方碼
|
≡ 4 046.856 4224 m2
|
英畝(美國測量) |
ac
|
≡ 10 sq ch = 4840 平方碼或43560平方呎
|
≈ 4 046.873 m2 [15]
|
公畝 |
a
|
≡ 100 m2
|
= 100 m2
|
靶恩 |
b
|
≡ 10−28 m2
|
= 10−28 m2
|
barony |
|
≡ 4000 ac
|
≈ 1.618 742×107 m2
|
board |
bd
|
≡ 1 in × 1 ft
|
= 7.741 92×10−3 m2
|
boiler horsepower equivalent direct radiation |
bhp EDR
|
≡
|
≈ 12.958 174 m2
|
圓英寸 |
circ in
|
≡ sq in
|
≈ 5.067 075×10−4 m2
|
圓密耳 |
circ mil
|
≡ mil2
|
≈ 5.067 075×10−10 m2
|
cord |
|
≡ 192 bd
|
= 1.486 448 64 m2
|
dunam |
|
≡ 1 000 m2
|
= 1 000 m2
|
guntha |
|
≡ 121 sq yd
|
≈ 101.17 m2
|
公頃 |
ha
|
≡ 10 000 m2
|
≡ 10 000 m2
|
hide |
|
≈ 120 ac (variable)
|
≈ 5×105 m2
|
rood |
ro
|
≡ ac
|
= 1 011.714 1056 m2
|
section |
|
≡ 1 mi × 1 mi
|
= 2.589 988 110 336×106 m2
|
shed |
|
≡ 10−52 m2
|
= 10−52 m2
|
square (roofing) |
|
≡ 10 ft × 10 ft
|
= 9.290 304 m2
|
平方測鏈(國際) |
sq ch
|
≡ 66 ft × 66 ft = 1/10 ac
|
≡ 404.685 642 24 m2
|
平方測鏈(美國測量) |
sq ch
|
≡ 66 ft(美國)× 66 ft(美國)= ac
|
≈ 404.687 3 m2
|
平方英尺 |
sq ft
|
≡ 1 ft × 1 ft
|
≡ 9.290 304×10−2 m2
|
平方英尺(美國測量) |
sq ft
|
≡ 1 ft(美國)× 1 ft(美國)
|
≈ 9.290 341 161 327 49×10-2 m2
|
平方英寸 |
sq in
|
≡ 1 in × 1 in
|
≡ 6.4516×10−4 m2
|
平方千米 |
km2
|
≡ 1 km × 1 km
|
= 106 m2
|
square link (Gunter's)(國際) |
sq lnk
|
≡ 1 lnk × 1 lnk ≡ 0.66 ft × 0.66 ft
|
= 4.046 856 4224×10−2 m2
|
square link (Gunter's)(US Survey) |
sq lnk
|
≡ 1 lnk × 1 lnk ≡ 0.66 ft(美國) × 0.66 ft(美國)
|
≈ 4.046 872×10−2 m2
|
square link (Ramsden's) |
sq lnk
|
≡ 1 lnk × 1 lnk ≡ 1 ft × 1 ft
|
= 0.09290304 m2
|
平方公尺 (SI unit) |
m2
|
≡ 1 m × 1 m
|
= 1 m2
|
平方密爾 |
sq mil
|
≡ 1 mil × 1 mil
|
= 6.4516×10−10 m2
|
平方英里 |
sq mi
|
≡ 1 mi × 1 mi
|
= 2.589 988 110 336×106 m2
|
平方英里(美國測量) |
sq mi
|
≡ 1 mi(美國)× 1 mi(美國)
|
≈ 2.589 998 47×106 m2
|
square rod/pole/perch |
sq rd
|
≡ 1 rd × 1 rd
|
= 25.292 852 64 m2
|
平方碼(國際) |
sq yd
|
≡ 1 yd × 1 yd
|
≡ 0.836 127 36 m2
|
stremma |
|
≡ 1 000 m2
|
= 1 000 m2
|
township |
|
≡ 36 sq mi(美國)
|
≈ 9.323 994×107 m2
|
yardland |
|
≈ 30 ac
|
≈ 1.2×105 m2
|
體積
體積
單位
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
英畝英尺 |
ac ft
|
≡ 1 ac x 1 ft = 43 560 ft3
|
= 1 233.481 837 547 52 m3
|
英畝-英寸 |
|
≡ 1 ac × 1 in
|
= 102.790 153 128 96 m3
|
barrel(英制) |
bl (imp)
|
≡ 36 gal (imp)
|
= 0.163 659 24 m3
|
barrel (petroleum) |
bl; bbl
|
≡ 42 gal(美國)
|
= 0.158 987 294 928 m3
|
barrel (US dry) |
bl(美國)
|
≡ 105 qt(美國)= bu (US lvl)
|
= 0.115 628 198 985 075 m3
|
barrel (US fluid) |
fl bl(美國)
|
≡ gal(美國)
|
= 0.119 240 471 196 m3
|
board-foot |
fbm
|
≡ 144 cu in
|
≡ 2.359 737 216×10−3 m3
|
bucket(英制) |
bkt
|
≡ 4 gal (imp)
|
= 0.018 184 36 m3
|
bushel(英制) |
bu (imp)
|
≡ 8 gal (imp)
|
= 0.036 368 72 m3
|
bushel (US dry heaped) |
bu(美國)
|
≡ bu (US lvl)
|
= 0.044 048 837 7086 m3
|
bushel (US dry level) |
bu (US lvl)
|
≡ 2 150.42 cu in
|
= 0.035 239 070 166 88 m3
|
butt, pipe |
|
≡ 126 gal (wine)
|
= 0.476 961 884 784 m3
|
coomb |
|
≡ 4 bu (imp)
|
= 0.145 474 88 m3
|
cord (firewood) |
|
≡ 8 ft × 4 ft × 4 ft
|
= 3.624 556 363 776 m3
|
cord-foot |
|
≡ 16 cu ft
|
= 0.453 069 545 472 m3
|
立方英尋
|
cu fm
|
≡ 1 fm × 1 fm × 1 fm
|
= 6.116 438 863 872 m3
|
立方英尺 |
cu ft
|
≡ 1 ft × 1 ft × 1 ft
|
≡ 0.028 316 846 592 m3
|
立方英寸 |
cu in
|
≡ 1 in × 1 in × 1 in
|
≡ 16.387 064×10−6 m3
|
立方米(SI單位) |
m3
|
≡ 1 m × 1 m × 1 m
|
≡ 1 m3
|
立方英里 |
cu mi
|
≡ 1 mi × 1 mi × 1 mi
|
≡ 4 168 181 825.440 579 584 m3
|
立方碼 |
cu yd
|
≡ 27 cu ft
|
≡ 0.764 554 857 984 m3
|
杯 (breakfast) |
|
≡ 10 fl oz (imp)
|
= 284.130 625×10−6 m3
|
杯 (加拿大) |
c (CA)
|
≡ 8 fl oz (imp)
|
= 227.3045×10−6 m3
|
cup(公制) |
c
|
≡ 250.0×10−6 m3
|
= 250.0×10−6 m3
|
cup (US customary) |
c(美國)
|
≡ 8 US fl oz ≡ gal(美國)
|
= 236.588 2365×10−6 m3
|
杯(美國食品營養標籤) |
c(美國)
|
≡ 240 mL[16]
|
= 2.4×10−4 m3
|
dash(英制) |
|
≡ gi (imp) = pinch (imp)
|
= m3
|
dash(美國) |
|
≡ US fl oz = US pinch
|
= 308.057 599 609 375×10−9 m3
|
dessertspoon(英制) |
|
≡ gi (imp)
|
= m3
|
drop(英制) |
gtt
|
≡ fl oz (imp)
|
= m3
|
drop(英制)(alt) |
gtt
|
≡ gi (imp)
|
≈ 77.886 684×10−9 m3
|
drop (medical) |
|
≡ ml
|
= m3
|
drop (medical) |
|
≡ ml
|
= m3
|
drop(公制) |
|
≡ mL
|
= 50.0×10−9 m3
|
drop(美國) |
gtt
|
≡ US fl oz
|
= m3
|
drop(美國)(alt) |
gtt
|
≡ US fl oz
|
≈ 64.854 231 496 71×10−9 m3
|
drop(美國)(alt) |
gtt
|
≡ US fl oz
|
≈ 51.342 933 268 23×10−9 m3
|
fifth |
|
≡ US gal
|
= 757.082 3568×10−6 m3
|
firkin |
|
≡ 9 gal(美國)
|
= 0.034 068 706 056 m3
|
fluid drachm(英制) |
fl dr
|
≡ fl oz (imp)
|
= 3.551 632 8125×10−6 m3
|
fluid dram(美國); US fluidram |
fl dr
|
≡ US fl oz
|
= 3.696 691 195 3125×10−6 m3
|
fluid scruple(英制) |
fl s
|
≡ fl oz (imp)
|
= m3
|
gallon (beer) |
beer gal
|
≡ 282 cu in
|
= 4.621 152 048×10−3 m3
|
gallon(英制) |
gal (imp)
|
≡ 4.546 09 L
|
≡ 4.546 09×10−3 m3
|
gallon (US dry) |
gal(美國)
|
≡ bu (US lvl)
|
= 4.404 883 770 86×10−3 m3
|
gallon (US fluid; Wine) |
gal(美國)
|
≡ 231 cu in
|
≡ 3.785 411 784×10−3 m3
|
gill(英制); Noggin |
gi (imp); nog
|
≡ 5 fl oz (imp)
|
= 142.065 3125×10−6 m3
|
gill(美國) |
gi(美國)
|
≡ 4 US fl oz
|
= 118.294 118 25×10−6 m3
|
hogshead(英制) |
hhd (imp)
|
≡ 2 bl (imp)
|
= 0.327 318 48 m3
|
hogshead(美國) |
hhd(美國)
|
≡ 2 fl bl(美國)
|
= 0.238 480 942 392 m3
|
jigger (bartending) |
|
≡ US fl oz
|
≈ 44.36×10−6 m3
|
kilderkin |
|
≡ 18 gal (imp)
|
= 0.081 829 62 m3
|
lambda |
λ
|
≡ 1 mm3
|
= 1×10−9 m3
|
last |
|
≡ 80 bu (imp)
|
= 2.909 4976 m3
|
litre |
L
|
≡ 1 dm3 [17]
|
≡ 0.001 m3
|
load |
|
≡ 50 cu ft
|
= 1.415 842 3296 m3
|
minim(英制) |
min
|
≡ fl oz (imp) = fl dr (imp)
|
= 59.193 880 208 3×10−9 m3
|
minim(美國) |
min
|
≡ US fl oz = US fl dr
|
= 61.611 519 921 875×10−9 m3
|
盎司(英制) |
fl oz (imp)
|
≡ gal (imp)
|
≡ 28.413 0625×10−6 m3
|
盎司(美制) |
US fl oz
|
≡ gal(美國)
|
≡ 29.573 529 5625×10−6 m3
|
盎司 (fluid US food nutrition labeling) |
US fl oz
|
≡ 30 mL[16]
|
≡ 3×10−5 m3
|
peck(英制) |
pk
|
≡ 2 gal (imp)
|
= 9.092 18×10−3 m3
|
peck (US dry) |
pk
|
≡ US lvl bu
|
= 8.809 767 541 72×10−3 m3
|
perch |
per
|
≡ ft × ft × 1 ft
|
= 0.700 841 953 152 m3
|
pinch(英制) |
|
≡ gi (imp) = tsp (imp)
|
= 739.923 502 60416×10−9 m3
|
pinch(美國) |
|
≡ US fl oz = US tsp
|
= 616.115 199 218 75×10−9 m3
|
pint(英制) |
pt (imp)
|
≡ gal (imp)
|
= 568.261 25×10−6 m3
|
pint (US dry) |
pt (US dry)
|
≡ bu (US lvl) ≡ gal (US dry)
|
= 550.610 471 3575×10−6 m3
|
pint (US fluid) |
pt (US fl)
|
≡ gal(美國)
|
= 473.176 473×10−6 m3
|
pony |
|
≡ US fl oz
|
= 22.180 147 171 875×10−6 m3
|
pottle; quartern |
|
≡ gal (imp) = 80 fl oz (imp)
|
= 2.273 045×10−3 m3
|
quart(英制) |
qt (imp)
|
≡ gal (imp)
|
= 1.136 5225×10−3 m3
|
quart (US dry) |
qt(美國)
|
≡ bu (US lvl) = gal (US dry)
|
= 1.101 220 942 715×10−3 m3
|
quart (US fluid) |
qt(美國)
|
≡ gal (US fl)
|
= 946.352 946×10−6 m3
|
quarter; pail |
|
≡ 8 bu (imp)
|
= 0.290 949 76 m3
|
register ton |
|
≡ 100 cu ft
|
= 2.831 684 6592 m3
|
sack(英制); bag |
|
≡ 3 bu (imp)
|
= 0.109 106 16 m3
|
sack(美國) |
|
≡ 3 bu (US lvl)
|
= 0.105 717 210 500 64 m3
|
seam |
|
≡ 8 bu (US lvl)
|
= 0.281 912 561 335 04 m3
|
shot |
|
≡ 1 US fl oz
|
≈ 29.57×10−6 m3
|
strike(英制) |
|
≡ 2 bu (imp)
|
= 0.072 737 44 m3
|
strike(美國) |
|
≡ 2 bu (US lvl)
|
= 0.070 478 140 333 76 m3
|
tablespoon (Australian metric) |
|
|
≡ 20.0×10−6 m3
|
tablespoon (Canadian) |
tbsp
|
≡ fl oz (imp)
|
= 14.206 531 25×10−6 m3
|
tablespoon(英制) |
tbsp
|
≡ fl oz (imp)
|
= 17.758 164 0625×10−6 m3
|
tablespoon(公制) |
|
|
≡ 15.0×10−6 m3
|
tablespoon (US customary) |
tbsp
|
≡ US fl oz
|
= 14.786 764 7825×10−6 m3
|
tablespoon (US food nutrition labeling) |
tbsp
|
≡ 15 mL[16]
|
= 1.5×10−5 m3
|
teaspoon (Canadian) |
tsp
|
≡ fl oz (imp)
|
= 4.735 510 416×10−6 m3
|
teaspoon(英制) |
tsp
|
≡ gi (imp)
|
= 5.919 388 02083×10−6 m3
|
teaspoon(公制) |
|
≡ 5.0×10−6 m3
|
= 5.0×10−6 m3
|
teaspoon (US customary) |
tsp
|
≡ US fl oz
|
= 4.928 921 595×10−6 m3
|
teaspoon (US food nutrition labeling) |
tsp
|
≡ 5 mL[16]
|
= 5×10−6 m3
|
timber foot |
|
≡ 1 cu ft
|
= 0.028 316 846 592 m3
|
ton (displacement) |
|
≡ 35 cu ft
|
= 0.991 089 630 72 m3
|
ton (freight) |
|
≡ 40 cu ft
|
= 1.132 673 863 68 m3
|
ton (water) |
|
≡ 28 bu (imp)
|
= 1.018 324 16 m3
|
tun |
|
≡ 252 gal (wine)
|
= 0.953 923 769 568 m3
|
wey(美國) |
|
≡ 40 bu (US lvl)
|
= 1.409 562 806 6752 m3
|
平面角
平面角
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
角密耳 |
µ
|
≡ rad
|
≈ 0.981 748×10-3 rad
|
弧分; MOA |
'
|
≡
|
≈ 0.290 888×10-3 rad
|
弧秒 |
"
|
≡
|
≈ 4.848 137×10-6 rad
|
centesimal minute of arc
|
'
|
≡ 1 梯度/100
|
≈ 0.157 080×10-3 rad
|
centesimal second of arc
|
"
|
≡ 1 梯度/(10 000)
|
≈ 1.570 796×10-6 rad
|
degree (of arc) |
°
|
≡ 圓周 ≡ rad
|
≈ 17.453 293×10-3 rad
|
梯度 (角); gradian; gon |
grad
|
≡ 圓周 ≡ rad ≡ 0.9°
|
≈ 15.707 963×10-3 rad
|
八分之一圓 |
|
≡ 45°
|
≈ 0.785 398 rad
|
象限 |
|
≡ 90°
|
≈ 1.570 796 rad
|
弧度(SI單位) |
rad
|
The angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc whose length is equal to the circle's radius. One full revolution encompasses 2π radians.
|
= 1 rad
|
六分之一圓 |
|
≡ 60°
|
≈ 1.047 198 rad
|
sign |
|
≡ 30°
|
≈ 0.523 599 rad
|
立體角
立體角
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI的關係
|
球面度(SI單位) |
sr
|
立體角 subtended at the center of a sphere of radius r by a portion of the surface of the sphere having an area r2. A sphere encompasses 4π sr.[14]
|
= 1 sr
|
質量
Notes:
- 查看重量條目以獲取關於質量/重量的區別和換算方法。
-
Avoirdupois is a system of mass based on a pound of 16 ounces, while Troy weight is the system of mass where 12 troy ounces equals one troy pound.
- In this table, the unit gee is used to denote standard gravity in order to avoid confusion with the "g" symbol for grams.
- 在物理學中,the pound of mass is sometimes written lbm to distinguish it from the pound-force (lbf). It should not be read as the mongrel unit "pound metre".
質量
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
牛股(cowton) |
ctn
|
0.9487t = 1 ctn
|
|
atomic mass unit, unified |
u; AMU
|
|
≈ 1.660 538 73×10−27 ± 1.3×10−36 kg
|
atomic unit of mass, electron rest mass |
me
|
|
≈ 9.109 382 15×10−31 ± 45×10−39 kg [18]
|
bag (coffee) |
|
≡ 60 kg
|
= 60 kg
|
bag (Portland cement) |
|
≡ 94 lb av
|
= 42.637 682 78 kg
|
barge |
|
≡ sh tn
|
= 20 411.656 65 kg
|
carat |
kt
|
≡ gr
|
≈ 205.196 548 333 mg
|
carat(公制) |
ct
|
≡ 200 mg
|
= 200 mg
|
clove |
|
≡ 8 lb av
|
= 3.628 738 96 kg
|
crith |
|
|
≈ 89.9349 mg
|
dalton |
Da
|
|
≈ 1.660 902 10×10−27 ± 1.3×10−36 kg
|
dram (apothecary; troy) |
dr t
|
≡ 60 gr
|
= 3.887 9346 g
|
dram (avoirdupois) |
dr av
|
≡ gr
|
= 1.771 845 195 3125 g
|
electronvolt |
eV
|
≡ 1 eV (energy unit) / c2
|
= 1.7826×10-36 kg
|
gamma |
γ
|
≡ 1 μg
|
= 1 μg
|
grain |
gr
|
≡ lb av
|
≡ 64.798 91 mg
|
grave |
G
|
grave 是千克的原名
|
≡ 1 kg
|
英擔(長) |
long cwt or cwt
|
≡ 112 lb av
|
= 50.802 345 44 kg
|
英擔(短)、百磅 |
sh cwt
|
≡ 100 lb av
|
= 45.359 237 kg
|
千克 |
kg
|
≡ mass of the prototype near Paris (≈ mass of 1L of water)
|
≡ 1 kg (SI base unit)[8]
|
kip |
kip
|
≡ 1000 lb av
|
= 453.592 37 kg
|
mark |
|
≡ 8 oz t
|
= 248.827 8144 g
|
mite |
|
≡ gr
|
= 3.239 9455 mg
|
mite(公制) |
|
≡ g
|
= 50 mg
|
金衡盎司 |
oz t
|
≡ lb t
|
= 31.103 4768 g
|
常衡盎司 |
oz av
|
≡ lb
|
= 28.349 523 125 g
|
盎司 (美國食品標籤) |
oz
|
≡ 28 g[16]
|
= 28 g
|
英錢 |
dwt; pwt
|
≡ oz t
|
= 1.555 173 84 g
|
point |
|
≡ ct
|
= 2 mg
|
磅 |
lb
|
≡ slug·ft/s2
|
= 0.45359237 kg
|
常衡磅 |
lb av
|
≡ 0.453 592 37 kg = 7000 grains
|
≡ 0.453 592 37 kg
|
公制磅 |
|
≡ 500 g
|
= 500 g
|
金衡磅 |
lb t
|
≡ 5 760 grains
|
= 0.373 241 7216 kg
|
quarter(英制) |
|
≡ long cwt = 2 st = 28 lb av
|
= 12.700 586 36 kg
|
quarter (非正式) |
|
≡ short tn
|
= 226.796 185 kg
|
quarter, long (非正式) |
|
≡ long tn
|
= 254.011 7272 kg
|
quintal(公制) |
q
|
≡ 100 kg
|
= 100 kg
|
scruple (apothecary) |
s ap
|
≡ 20 gr
|
= 1.295 9782 g
|
sheet |
|
≡ lb av
|
= 647.9891 mg
|
slug; geepound; hyl |
slug
|
≡ 1 gee × 1 lb av × 1 s2/ft
|
≈ 14.593 903 kg
|
stone |
st
|
≡ 14 lb av
|
= 6.350 293 18 kg
|
ton, assay (long) |
AT
|
≡ 1 mg × 1 long tn ÷ 1 oz t
|
≈ 32.666 667 g
|
ton, assay (short) |
AT
|
≡ 1 mg × 1 sh tn ÷ 1 oz t
|
≈ 29.166 667 g
|
長噸 |
long tn or ton
|
≡ 2 240 lb
|
= 1 016.046 9088 kg
|
短噸 |
sh tn
|
≡ 2 000 lb
|
= 907.184 74 kg
|
tonne (mts unit) |
t
|
≡ 1 000 kg
|
= 1 000 kg
|
wey |
|
≡ 252 lb = 18 st
|
= 114.305 277 24 kg (variants exist)
|
Zentner |
Ztr.
|
Definitions vary; see [19] and.[14]
|
|
密度
密度
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
克每毫升
|
g/mL
|
≡ g/mL
|
= 1000 kg/m3
|
千克每立方米(SI單位)
|
kg/m3
|
≡ kg/m3
|
= 1 kg/m3
|
千克每升
|
kg/L
|
≡ kg/L
|
= 1000 kg/m3
|
盎司 (avoirdupois) 每立方英尺
|
oz/ft3
|
≡ oz/ft3
|
≈ 1.001153961 kg/m3
|
盎司 (avoirdupois) 每立方英寸
|
oz/in3
|
≡ oz/in3
|
≈ 1.729994044×103 kg/m3
|
盎司 (avoirdupois) 每加侖(英制)
|
oz/gal
|
≡ oz/gal
|
≈ 6.236023291 kg/m3
|
盎司 (avoirdupois) 每加侖 (美國容積)
|
oz/gal
|
≡ oz/gal
|
≈ 7.489151707 kg/m3
|
磅 (avoirdupois) 每立方英尺
|
lb/ft3
|
≡ lb/ft3
|
≈ 16.01846337 kg/m3
|
磅 (avoirdupois) 每立方英寸
|
lb/in3
|
≡ lb/in3
|
≈ 2.767990471×104 kg/m3
|
磅 (avoirdupois) 每加侖(英制)
|
lb/gal
|
≡ lb/gal
|
≈ 99.77637266 kg/m3
|
磅 (avoirdupois) 每加侖(美國容積)
|
lb/gal
|
≡ lb/gal
|
≈ 119.8264273 kg/m3
|
slug per cubic foot
|
slug/ft3
|
≡ slug/ft3
|
≈ 515.3788184 kg/m3
|
時間
時間
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
atomic unit of time |
au
|
≡ a0/(α·c)
|
≈ 2.418 884 254×10−17 s
|
蔀 |
|
≡指回歸年與朔望月與太陽日的最短循環 = 76年
|
= 2.398 3776×109 s
|
世紀 |
c
|
≡ 100 a (參見下方年的長度定義)
|
= 100 年
|
日(天) |
d
|
= 24 h
|
= 1440 min = 86400 s
|
恆星日 |
d
|
≡ 是地球上某點對某個恆星連續兩次經過其上中天的時間間隔 (國際天球參考框架)
|
≈ 86 164.1 s
|
年代 |
dec
|
≡ 10 a (see below for definition of year length)
|
= 10 年
|
fortnight |
fn
|
≡ 2 周
|
= 1 209 600 s
|
helek (希伯來曆) |
|
≡ h
|
= 3.3 s
|
Hipparchic cycle |
|
≡ 4 Callippic cycles - 1 d
|
= 9.593 424×109 s
|
小時 |
h
|
≡ 60 min
|
= 3 600 s
|
jiffy |
j
|
≡ s
|
= .016 s
|
jiffy (alternate) |
ja
|
≡ s
|
= 10 ms
|
刻(鍾)(四分之一小時) |
|
≡ h = d
|
= s=900 s=min=15 min
|
刻(鍾)(舊制) (traditional) |
|
≡ d
|
= s = 864 s = min = 14.4 min
|
lustre; lustrum |
|
≡ 5 a of 365 d
|
= 1.5768×108 s
|
章_(曆法); |
|
≡ 110 mo (hollow) + 125 mo (full) = 6940 d ≈ 19 a
|
= 5.996 16×108 s
|
千年 |
|
≡ 1 000 a (see below for definition of year length)
|
= 1000 年
|
beat |
md
|
≡ d
|
= s = 86.4 s
|
分鐘 |
min
|
≡ 60 s, due to leap seconds sometimes 59 s or 61 s,
|
= 60 s
|
moment |
|
≡ 90 s
|
= 90 s
|
月 (full) |
mo
|
≡ 30 d[20]
|
= 2 592 000 s
|
月 (Greg. av.) |
mo
|
Average Gregorian month = 1 a (Gregorian average) / 12 = 365.242 5 d / 12 = 30.436 875 d
|
≈ 2.6297×106 s
|
月 (hollow) |
mo
|
≡ 29 d[20]
|
= 2 505 600 s
|
朔望月 |
mo
|
Cycle time of moon phases ≈ 29.530 589 d (Average)
|
≈ 2.551×106 s
|
octaeteris |
|
= 48 mo (full) + 48 mo (hollow) + 3 mo (full)[21][22] = 8 a of 365.25 d = 2922 d
|
= 2.524 608×108 s
|
Planck time |
|
≡ (Gℏ/c5)½
|
≈ 1.351 211 868×10−43 s
|
秒 |
s
|
銫133原子基態的兩個超精細能階間躍遷對應輻射的9,192,631,770個週期的持續時間[8] (but other seconds are sometimes used in astronomy)
|
(SI base unit)
|
shake |
|
≡ 10−8 s
|
= 10 ns
|
sigma |
|
≡ 10−6 s
|
= 1 μs
|
Sothic cycle |
|
≡ 1 461 a of 365 d
|
= 4.607 4096×1010 s
|
svedberg |
S
|
≡ 10−13 s
|
= 100 fs
|
周 |
wk
|
≡ 7 d
|
= 168 h = 10 080 min = 604 800 s
|
年(公曆) |
a, y, or yr
|
= 365.2425 d average, calculated from common years (365 d) plus leap years (366 d) on most years divisible by 4. See leap year for details.
|
= 31 556 952 s
|
年(儒略曆) |
a, y, or yr
|
= 365.25 d average, calculated from common years (365 d) plus one leap year (366 d) every four years
|
= 31 557 600 s
|
恆星年 |
a, y, or yr
|
≡ time taken for Sun to return to the same position with respect to the stars of the celestial sphere
|
≈ 365.256 363 d ≈ 31 558 149.7632 s
|
回歸年 |
a, y, or yr
|
≡ Length of time it takes for the Sun to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons
|
≈ 365.242 190 d ≈ 31 556 925 s
|
旬 |
|
= 10 d
|
|
Where UTC is observed, the length of time units longer than 1 s may increase or decrease by 1 s if a leap second occurs during the time interval of interest.
|
頻率
頻率
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
hertz (SI unit) |
Hz
|
≡ Number of cycles per second
|
= 1 Hz = 1/s
|
每分鐘轉數 |
rpm
|
≡ One unit rpm equals one rotation completed around a fixed axis in one minute of time.
|
≈ Lua錯誤 在Module:Convert的第635行:attempt to index field 'per_unit_fixups' (a nil value)
|
速度或速率
速度
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
英尺每小時 |
fph
|
≡ 1 ft/h
|
≈ 8.466 667×10−5 m/s
|
英尺每分鐘 |
fpm
|
≡ 1 ft/min
|
= 5.08×10−3 m/s
|
英尺每秒 |
fps
|
≡ 1 ft/s
|
= 3.048×10−1 m/s
|
furlong per fortnight
|
|
≡ furlong/fortnight
|
≈ 1.663 095×10−4 m/s
|
英寸每小時 |
iph
|
≡ 1 in/hr
|
≈ 7.05 556×10−6 m/s
|
英寸每分鐘 |
ipm
|
≡ 1 in/min
|
≈ 4.23 333×10−4 m/s
|
英寸每秒 |
ips
|
≡ 1 in/s
|
= 2.54×10−2 m/s
|
千米每小時 |
km/h
|
≡ 1 km/h
|
= m/s ≈ 2.777 778×10−1 m/s
|
節 |
kn, kt
|
≡ 1 NM/h = 1.852 km/h
|
≈ 0.514 444 m/s
|
節 (Admiralty) |
kn
|
≡ 1 NM (Adm)/h = 1.853 184 km/h
|
= 0.514 773 m/s
|
馬赫 |
M
|
Ratio of the speed to the speed of sound in the medium. Varies especially with temperature. About 1225 km/h (761 mph) in air at sea level to about 1062 km/h (660 mph) at jet altitudes (12,200公尺(40,000英尺)).[23] Unitless
|
≈ 340 to 295 m/s for aircraft
|
metre per second (SI unit) |
m/s
|
≡ 1 m/s
|
= 1 m/s
|
英里每小時 |
mph
|
≡ 1 mi/h
|
= 0.447 04 m/s
|
英里每分鐘 |
mpm
|
≡ 1 mi/min
|
= 26.8224 m/s
|
英里每秒 |
mps
|
≡ 1 mi/s
|
= 1 609.344 m/s
|
真空光速
|
c
|
≡ 299 792 458 m/s
|
= 299 792 458 m/s
|
空氣音速
|
s
|
Varies especially with temperature. About 1225 km/h (761 mph) in air at sea level to about 1062 km/h (660 mph) at jet altitudes.
|
≈ 340 to 295 m/s at aircraft altitudes
|
A velocity consists of a speed combined with a direction; the speed part of the velocity takes units of speed.
流量(容積)
流量
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
立方英尺每分鐘
|
CFM
|
≡ 1 ft3/min
|
= 4.719474432×10−4 m3/s
|
立方英尺每秒
|
ft3/s
|
≡ 1 ft3/s
|
= 0.028316846592 m3/s
|
立方英寸每分鐘
|
in3/min
|
≡ 1 in3/min
|
= 2.7311773×10-7 m3/s
|
立方英寸每秒
|
in3/s
|
≡ 1 in3/s
|
= 1.6387064×10−5 m3/s
|
立方米每秒(SI單位)
|
m3/s
|
≡ 1 m3/s
|
= 1 m3/s
|
加侖(美國容積)每日
|
GPD
|
≡ 1 gal/d
|
= 4.381263638×10-8 m3/s
|
加侖(美國容積)每小時
|
GPH
|
≡ 1 gal/h
|
= 1.051503273×10-6 m3/s
|
加侖(美國容積)每分鐘
|
GPM
|
≡ 1 gal/min
|
= 6.30901964×10−5 m3/s
|
升每分鐘
|
LPM
|
≡ 1 L/min
|
= 1.6×10-5 m3/s
|
加速度
加速度
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
foot per hour per second
|
fph/s
|
≡ 1 ft/(h·s)
|
≈ 8.466 667×10−5 m/s2
|
foot per minute per second
|
fpm/s
|
≡ 1 ft/(min·s)
|
= 5.08×10−3 m/s2
|
英尺每二次方秒 |
fps2
|
≡ 1 ft/s2
|
= 3.048×10−1 m/s2
|
gal; galileo |
Gal
|
≡ 1 cm/s2
|
= 10−2 m/s2
|
inch per minute per second
|
ipm/s
|
≡ 1 in/(min·s)
|
≈ 4.233 333×10−4 m/s2
|
英寸每二次方秒 |
ips2
|
≡ 1 in/s2
|
= 2.54×10−2 m/s2
|
knot per second
|
kn/s
|
≡ 1 kn/s
|
≈ 5.144 444×10−1 m/s2
|
米每二次方秒 (SI) |
m/s2
|
≡ 1 m/s2
|
= 1 m/s2
|
mile per hour per second
|
mph/s
|
≡ 1 mi/(h·s)
|
= 4.4704×10−1 m/s2
|
mile per minute per second
|
mpm/s
|
≡ 1 mi/(min·s)
|
= 26.8224 m/s2
|
英里每二次方秒 |
mps2
|
≡ 1 mi/s2
|
= 1.609 344×103 m/s2
|
standard gravity |
g
|
≡ 9.806 65 m/s2
|
= 9.806 65 m/s2
|
力
力
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
atomic unit of force |
|
≡ me·α2·c2/a0
|
≈ 8.238 722 06×10−8 N [24]
|
達因 (cgs unit) |
dyn
|
≡ g·cm/s2
|
= 10−5 N
|
kilogram-force; kilopond; grave-force |
kgf; kp; Gf
|
≡ kg
|
= 9.806 65 N
|
kip; kip-force |
kip; kipf; klbf
|
≡ lb
|
= 4.448 221 615 2605×103 N
|
milligrave-force, gravet-force |
mGf; gf
|
≡ 'g' × 1 g
|
= 9.806 65 mN
|
牛頓 (單位)(SI單位) |
N
|
A force capable of giving a mass of one kg an acceleration of one metre per second, per second.[25]
|
= 1 N = 1 kg·m/s2
|
ounce-force |
ozf
|
≡ oz
|
= 0.278 013 850 953 7812 N
|
pound-force |
lbf
|
≡ lb
|
= 4.448 221 615 2605 N
|
poundal |
pdl
|
≡ 1 lb·ft/s2
|
= 0.138 254 954 376 N
|
sthene (mts unit) |
sn
|
≡ 1 t·m/s2
|
= 1×103 N
|
ton-force |
tnf
|
≡ sh tn
|
= 8.896 443 230 521×103 N
|
See also: Conversion between weight (force) and mass
壓力或機械應力Pressure or mechanical stress
Pressure
Name of unit單位名稱
|
Symbol符號
|
Definition定義
|
Relation to SI units與SI單位的換算
|
標準大氣壓 |
atm
|
|
≡ 101 325 Pa [26]
|
工程大氣壓 |
at
|
≡ 1 kgf/cm2
|
= 9.806 65×104 Pa [26]
|
巴 |
bar
|
|
≡ 105 Pa
|
毫巴 |
mbar
|
= 10-3 Bar
|
|
barye (cgs unit) |
|
≡ 1 dyn/cm2
|
= 0.1 Pa
|
厘米汞柱 (4 °C /39.2 °F) |
cmHg
|
≡ 13 595.1 kg/m3 × 1 cm × g
|
≈ 1.333 22×103 Pa [26]
|
厘米水柱 (4 °C /39.2 °F) |
cmH2O
|
≈ 999.972 kg/m3 × 1 cm × g
|
≈ 98.063 8 Pa [26]
|
英尺汞柱 (4 °C /39.2 °F) |
ftHg
|
≡ 13 595.1 kg/m3 × 1 ft × g
|
≈ 40.636 66×103 Pa [26]
|
英尺水柱 (4 °C /39.2 °F) |
ftH2O
|
≈ 999.972 kg/m3 × 1 ft × g
|
≈ 2.988 98×103 Pa [26]
|
英寸汞柱 (4 °C /39.2 °F) |
inHg
|
≡ 13 595.1 kg/m3 × 1 in × g
|
≈ 3.386 389×103 Pa [26]
|
英寸水柱 (4 °C /39.2 °F) |
inH2O
|
≈ 999.972 kg/m3 × 1 in × g
|
≈ 249.082 Pa [26]
|
公斤力每平方毫米 |
kgf/mm2
|
≡ 1 kgf/mm2
|
= 9.806 65×106 Pa [26]
|
kip per square inch
|
ksi
|
≡ 1 kipf/sq in
|
≈ 6.894 757×106 Pa [26]
|
微米汞柱 (4 °C /39.2 °F) |
mHg
|
≡ 13 595.1 kg/m3 × 1 m × g ≈ 0.001 torr
|
≈ 0.133 322 4 Pa [26]
|
毫米汞柱 (4 °C /39.2 °F) |
mmHg
|
≡ 13 595.1 kg/m3 × 1 mm × g ≈ 1 torr
|
≈ 133.3224 Pa [26]
|
毫米水柱 (4 °C /39.2 °F) |
mmH2O
|
≈ 999.972 kg/m3 × 1 mm × g = 0.999 972 kgf/m2
|
= 9.806 38 Pa
|
帕斯卡 (SI unit) |
Pa
|
≡ N/m2 = kg/(m·s2)
|
= 1 Pa [27]
|
pièze (mts unit) |
pz
|
≡ 1 000 kg/m·s2
|
= 1×103 Pa = 1 kPa
|
磅力每平方英尺 |
psf
|
≡ 1 lbf/ft2
|
≈ 47.880 26 Pa [26]
|
磅力每平方英寸 |
psi
|
≡ 1 lbf/in2
|
≈ 6.894 757×103 Pa [26]
|
poundal per square foot
|
pdl/sq ft
|
≡ 1 pdl/sq ft
|
≈ 1.488 164 Pa [26]
|
short ton per square foot
|
|
≡ 1 sh tn sq ft
|
≈ 95.760 518×103 Pa
|
托 |
torr
|
≡ Pa
|
≈ 133.322 4 Pa [26]
|
Torque or moment of force
Torque
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
foot-pound force |
ft lbf
|
≡ lb × 1 ft
|
= 1.355 817 948 331 4004 N·m
|
foot-poundal |
ft pdl
|
≡ 1 lb·ft2/s2
|
= 4.214 011 009 380 48×10−2 N·m
|
inch-pound force |
in lbf
|
≡ lb × 1 in
|
= 0.112 984 829 027 6167 N·m
|
米·千克 |
m kg
|
≡ N × m / g
|
≈ 0.101 971 621 N·m
|
牛·米(SI單位) |
N·m
|
≡ N × m = kg·m2/s2
|
= 1 N·m
|
能量
能量
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
barrel of oil equivalent |
bboe
|
≈ 5.8×106 BTU59 °F
|
≈ 6.12×109 J
|
British thermal unit (ISO) |
BTUISO
|
≡ 1.0545×103 J
|
= 1.0545×103 J
|
British thermal unit (International Table) |
BTUIT
|
|
= 1.055 055 852 62×103 J
|
British thermal unit (mean) |
BTUmean
|
|
≈ 1.055 87×103 J
|
British thermal unit (thermochemical) |
BTUth
|
|
≈ 1.054 350×103 J
|
British thermal unit (39 °F) |
BTU39 °F
|
|
≈ 1.059 67×103 J
|
British thermal unit (59 °F) |
BTU59 °F
|
≡ 1.054 804×103 J
|
= 1.054 804×103 J
|
British thermal unit (60 °F) |
BTU60 °F
|
|
≈ 1.054 68×103 J
|
British thermal unit (63 °F) |
BTU63 °F
|
|
≈ 1.0546×103 J
|
calorie (International Table) |
calIT
|
≡ 4.1868 J
|
= 4.1868 J
|
calorie (mean) |
calmean
|
1⁄100 of the energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 0 °C to 100 °C @ 1 atm
|
≈ 4.190 02 J
|
calorie (thermochemical) |
calth
|
≡ 4.184 J
|
= 4.184 J
|
卡路里 (3.98 °C) |
cal3.98 °C
|
|
≈ 4.2045 J
|
卡路里 (15 °C) |
cal15 °C
|
≡ 4.1855 J
|
= 4.1855 J
|
卡路里 (20 °C) |
cal20 °C
|
|
≈ 4.1819 J
|
攝氏度 heat unit (International Table) |
CHUIT
|
≡ 1 BTUIT × 1 K/°R
|
= 1.899 100 534 716×103 J
|
cubic centimetre of atmosphere; standard cubic centimetre |
cc atm; scc
|
≡ 1 atm × 1 cm3
|
= 0.101 325 J
|
cubic foot of atmosphere; standard cubic foot |
cu ft atm; scf
|
≡ 1 atm × 1 ft3
|
= 2.869 204 480 9344×103 J
|
cubic foot of natural gas |
|
≡ 1 000 BTUIT
|
= 1.055 055 852 62×106 J
|
cubic yard of atmosphere; standard cubic yard |
cu yd atm; scy
|
≡ 1 atm × 1 yd3
|
= 77.468 520 985 2288×103 J
|
electronvolt |
eV
|
≡ e × 1 V
|
≈ 1.602 177 33×10−19 ± 4.9×10-26 J
|
erg (cgs unit) |
erg
|
≡ 1 g·cm2/s2
|
= 10−7 J
|
foot-pound force |
ft lbf
|
≡ g × 1 lb × 1 ft
|
= 1.355 817 948 331 4004 J
|
foot-poundal |
ft pdl
|
≡ 1 lb·ft2/s2
|
= 4.214 011 009 380 48×10−2 J
|
gallon-atmosphere(英制) |
imp gal atm
|
≡ 1 atm × 1 gal (imp)
|
= 460.632 569 25 J
|
gallon-atmosphere(美國) |
US gal atm
|
≡ 1 atm × 1 gal(美國)
|
= 383.556 849 0138 J
|
hartree, atomic unit of energy
|
Eh
|
≡ me·α2·c2 (= 2 Ry)
|
≈ 4.359 744×10−18 J
|
horsepower-hour |
hp·h
|
≡ 1 hp × 1 h
|
= 2.684 519 537 696 172 792×106 J
|
inch-pound force |
in lbf
|
≡ g × 1 lb × 1 in
|
= 0.112 984 829 027 6167 J
|
joule (SI unit) |
J
|
The work done when a force of one newton moves the point of its application a distance of one metre in the direction of the force.[25]
|
= 1 J = 1 m·N = 1 kg·m2/s2 = 1 C·V = 1 W·s
|
千卡、大卡 |
kcal; Cal
|
≡ 1 000 calIT
|
= 4.1868×103 J
|
kilowatt-hour; Board of Trade Unit |
kW·h; B.O.T.U.
|
≡ 1 kW × 1 h
|
= 3.6×106 J
|
litre-atmosphere
|
l atm; sl
|
≡ 1 atm × 1 L
|
= 101.325 J
|
quad |
|
≡ 1015 BTUIT
|
= 1.055 055 852 62×1018 J
|
rydberg |
Ry
|
≡ R∞·ℎ·c
|
≈ 2.179 872×10−18 J
|
therm (E.C.) |
|
≡ 100 000 BTUIT
|
= 105.505 585 262×106 J
|
therm(美國) |
|
≡ 100 000 BTU59 °F
|
= 105.4804×106 J
|
thermie |
th
|
≡ 1 McalIT
|
= 4.1868×106 J
|
ton of coal equivalent |
TCE
|
≡ 7 Gcalth
|
= 29.3076×109 J
|
ton of oil equivalent |
TOE
|
≡ 10 Gcalth
|
= 41.868×109 J
|
ton of TNT
|
tTNT
|
≡ 1 Gcalth
|
= 4.184×109 J
|
Power or heat flow rate
Power
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
atmosphere-cubic centimetre per minute
|
atm ccm
|
≡ 1 atm × 1 cm3/min
|
= 1.688 75×10−3 W
|
atmosphere-cubic centimetre per second
|
atm ccs
|
≡ 1 atm × 1 cm3/s
|
= 0.101 325 W
|
atmosphere-cubic foot per hour
|
atm cfh
|
≡ 1 atm × 1 cu ft/h
|
= 0.797 001 244 704 W
|
atmosphere-cubic foot per minute |
atm·cfm
|
≡ 1 atm × 1 cu ft/min
|
= 47.820 074 682 24 W
|
atmosphere-cubic foot per second |
atm cfs
|
≡ 1 atm × 1 cu ft/s
|
= 2.869 204 480 9344×103 W
|
BTU (International Table) per hour |
BTUIT/h
|
≡ 1 BTUIT/h
|
≈ 0.293 071 W
|
BTU (International Table) per minute |
BTUIT/min
|
≡ 1 BTUIT/min
|
≈ 17.584 264 W
|
BTU (International Table) per second |
BTUIT/s
|
≡ 1 BTUIT/s
|
= 1.055 055 852 62×103 W
|
calorie (International Table) per second |
calIT/s
|
≡ 1 calIT/s
|
= 4.1868 W
|
erg per second |
erg/s
|
≡ 1 erg/s
|
= 10−7 W
|
foot-pound-force per hour |
ft lbf/h
|
≡ 1 ft lbf/h
|
≈ 3.766 161×10−4 W
|
foot-pound-force per minute |
ft lbf/min
|
≡ 1 ft lbf/min
|
= 2.259 696 580 552 334×10−2 W
|
foot-pound-force per second |
ft lbf/s
|
≡ 1 ft lbf/s
|
= 1.355 817 948 331 4004 W
|
horsepower (boiler) |
bhp
|
≈ 34.5 lb/h × 970.3 BTUIT/lb
|
≈ 9.810 657×103 W
|
horsepower (European electrical) |
hp
|
≡ 75 kp·m/s
|
= 736 W
|
horsepower (imperial electrical) |
hp
|
≡ 746 W
|
= 746 W
|
horsepower (imperial mechanical) |
hp
|
≡ 550 ft lbf/s
|
= 745.699 871 582 270 22 W
|
horsepower(公制) |
hp
|
≡ 75 m kgf/s
|
= 735.498 75 W
|
litre-atmosphere per minute |
L·atm/min
|
≡ 1 atm × 1 L/min
|
= 1.688 75 W
|
litre-atmosphere per second |
L·atm/s
|
≡ 1 atm × 1 L/s
|
= 101.325 W
|
lusec |
lusec
|
≡ 1 L·µmHg/s [14]
|
≈ 1.333×10−4 W
|
poncelet |
p
|
≡ 100 m kgf/s
|
= 980.665 W
|
square foot equivalent direct radiation |
sq ft EDR
|
≡ 240 BTUIT/h
|
≈ 70.337 057 W
|
ton of air conditioning |
|
≡ 2000 lbs of ice melted / 24 h
|
≈ 3 504 W
|
ton of refrigeration(英制) |
|
≡ 2240 lb × iceIT / 24 h: iceIT = 144°F × 2326 J/kg.°F
|
≈ 3.938 875×103 W
|
ton of refrigeration (IT) |
|
≡ 200 lbs × iceIT / 24 h: iceIT = 144° × 2326 J/kg.°F
|
≈ 3.516 853×103 W
|
watt (SI unit) |
W
|
The power which in one second of time gives rise to one joule of energy.[25]
|
= 1 W = 1 J/s = 1 N·m/s = 1 kg·m2/s3
|
Action
Action
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
atomic unit of action |
au
|
≡ ℏ ≡ ℎ/2π
|
≈ 1.054 571 68×10−34 J·s[28]
|
Dynamic 黏度
Dynamic 黏度
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
pascal second (SI unit) |
Pa·s
|
≡ N·s/m2, kg/(m·s)
|
= 1 Pa·s
|
poise (cgs unit) |
P
|
≡ 1 barye·s
|
= 0.1 Pa·s
|
pound per foot hour |
lb/(ft·h)
|
≡ 1 lb/(ft·h)
|
≈ 4.133 789×10-4 Pa·s
|
pound per foot second |
lb/(ft·s)
|
≡ 1 lb/(ft·s)
|
≈ 1.488164 Pa·s
|
pound-force second per square foot |
lbf·s/ft2
|
≡ 1 lbf·s/ft2
|
≈ 47.88026 Pa·s
|
pound-force second per square inch |
lbf·s/in2
|
≡ 1 lbf·s/in2
|
≈ 6894.757 Pa·s
|
Kinematic 黏度
Kinematic 黏度
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
square foot per second |
ft2/s
|
≡ 1 ft2/s
|
= 0.09290304 m2/s
|
square metre per second (SI unit) |
m2/s
|
≡ 1 m2/s
|
= 1 m2/s
|
stokes (cgs unit) |
St
|
≡ 10−4 m2/s
|
= 10−4 m2/s
|
電流
電流
單位名稱
|
符號
|
定義
|
與SI單位的關係
|
ampere (SI base unit) |
A
|
≡ The constant current needed to produce a force of 2 ×10-7 newton per metre between two straight parallel conductors of infinite length and negligible circular cross-section placed one metre apart in a vacuum.[8]
|
= 1 A
|
electromagnetic unit; abampere (cgs unit) |
abamp
|
≡ 10 A
|
= 10 A
|
esu per second; statampere (cgs unit) |
esu/s
|
≡ (0.1 A·m/s) / c
|
≈ 3.335641×10−10 A
|
Electric charge
Electric charge
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
abcoulomb; electromagnetic unit (cgs unit) |
abC; emu
|
≡ 10 C
|
= 10 C
|
atomic unit of charge |
au
|
≡ e
|
≈ 1.602 176 462×10−19 C
|
coulomb (SI unit) |
C
|
≡ The amount of electricity carried in one second of time by one ampere of current.[25]
|
= 1 C = 1 A·s
|
faraday |
F
|
≡ 1 mol × NA·e
|
≈ 96 485.3383 C
|
statcoulomb; franklin; electrostatic unit (cgs unit) |
statC; Fr; esu
|
≡ (0.1 A·m) / c
|
≈ 3.335 641×10−10 C
|
Electric dipole
Electric dipole
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
atomic unit of electric dipole moment |
ea0
|
|
≈ 8.478 352 81×10-30 C·m[29]
|
coulomb meter |
C·m
|
|
= 1 C · 1 m
|
debye |
D
|
= 10−10 esu·Å
|
= 3.33564095×10-30 C·m [30]
|
Electromotive force, electric potential difference
Voltage, electromotive force
Name of unit
|
符號
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
abvolt (cgs unit) |
abV
|
≡ 1×10-8 V
|
= 1×10-8 V
|
statvolt (cgs unit) |
statV
|
≡ c· (1 μJ/A·m)
|
= 299.792 458 V
|
伏特 (SI unit) |
V
|
The difference in electric potential across two points along a conducting wire carrying one ampere of constant current when the power dissipated between the points equals one watt.[25]
|
= 1 V = 1 W/A = 1 kg·m2/(A·s3)
|
Electrical resistance
Electrical resistance
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
ohm (SI unit) |
Ω
|
The resistance between two points in a conductor when one volt of electric potential difference, applied to these points, produces one ampere of current in the conductor.[25]
|
= 1 Ω = 1 V/A = 1 kg·m2/(A2·s3)
|
電容Capacitance
Capacitor's ability to store charge
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
farad (SI unit)
|
F
|
The capacitance between two parallel plates that results in one volt of potential difference when charged by one coulomb of electricity.[25]
|
= 1 F = 1 C/V = 1 A2·s4/(kg·m2)
|
Magnetic flux
magnetic flux
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
maxwell (CGS unit)
|
Mx
|
≡ 10−8 Wb[31]
|
= 1×10-8 Wb
|
weber (SI unit)
|
Wb
|
Magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, would produce in it an electromotive force of 1 volt if it were reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 second.[25]
|
= 1 Wb = 1 V·s = 1 kg·m2/(A·s2)
|
Magnetic flux density
What physicists call Magnetic field is called Magnetic flux density by electrical engineers and magnetic induction by applied mathematicians and electrical engineers.
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
gauss (CGS unit) |
G
|
≡ Mx/cm2 = 10−4 T
|
= 1×10-4 T [32]
|
tesla (SI unit) |
T
|
≡ Wb/m2
|
= 1 T = 1 Wb/m2 = 1 kg/(A·s2)
|
Inductance
Inductance
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
henry (SI unit) |
H
|
The inductance of a closed circuit that produces one volt of electromotive force when the current in the circuit varies at a uniform rate of one ampere per second.[25]
|
= 1 H = 1 Wb/A = 1 kg·m2/(A·s)2
|
溫度
更多資訊:Conversion of units of temperature
Information entropy
Information entropy
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
Relation to bits
|
SI unit |
J/K
|
≡ J/K
|
= 1 J/K
|
|
nat; nip; nepit |
nat
|
≡ kB
|
= 1.380 650 5(23)×10-23 J/K
|
|
bit; shannon |
bit; b; Sh
|
≡ ln(2) × kB
|
= 9.569 940 (16)×10-24 J/K
|
= 1 bit
|
ban; hartley |
ban; Hart
|
≡ ln(10) × kB
|
= 3.179 065 3(53)×10-23 J/K
|
|
nibble |
|
≡ 4 bits
|
= 3.827 976 0(64)×10-23 J/K
|
= 22 bit
|
byte |
B
|
≡ 8 bits
|
= 7.655 952 (13)×10-23 J/K
|
= 23 bit
|
千字節(十進位) |
kB
|
≡ 1 000 B
|
= 7.655 952 (13)×10-20 J/K
|
= 8×103 bit = 8000 bit
|
kibibyte |
KB; KiB
|
≡ 1 024 B
|
= 7.839 695 (13)×10-20 J/K
|
= 213 bit = 8192 bit
|
Often, information entropy is measured in shannons, whereas the (discrete) storage space of digital devices is measured in bits. Thus, uncompressed redundant data occupy more than one bit of storage per shannon of information entropy. The multiples of a bit listed above are usually used with this meaning. Other times the bit is used as a measure of information entropy and is thus a synonym of shannon.
Luminous intensity
The candela is the preferred nomenclature for the SI unit.
Luminous intensity
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
candela (SI base unit); candle
|
cd
|
The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.[8]
|
= 1 cd
|
candlepower (new)
|
cp
|
≡ cd The use of candlepower as a unit is discouraged due to its ambiguity.
|
= 1 cd
|
candlepower (old, pre-1948)
|
cp
|
Varies and is poorly reproducible.[33] Approximately 0.981 cd.[14]
|
≈ 0.981 cd
|
Luminance
Luminance
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
candela per square foot
|
cd/ft2
|
≡ cd/ft2
|
≈ 10.763910417 cd/m2
|
candela per square inch
|
cd/in2
|
≡ cd/in2
|
≈ 1550.0031 cd/m2
|
candela per square metre (SI unit); nit (deprecated[14])
|
cd/m2
|
≡ cd/m2
|
= 1 cd/m2
|
footlambert
|
fL
|
≡ (1/π) cd/ft2
|
≈ 3.4262590996 cd/m2
|
lambert
|
L
|
≡ (104/π) cd/m2
|
≈ 3183.0988618 cd/m2
|
stilb (CGS unit)
|
sb
|
≡ 104 cd/m2
|
≈ 1×104 cd/m2
|
Luminous flux
Luminous flux
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
lumen (SI unit)
|
lm
|
≡ cd·sr
|
= 1 lm = 1 cd·sr
|
Illuminance
Illuminance
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
footcandle; lumen per square foot
|
fc
|
≡ lm/ft2
|
= 10.763910417 lx
|
lumen per square inch
|
lm/in2
|
≡ lm/in2
|
≈ 1550.0031 lx
|
lux (SI unit)
|
lx
|
≡ lm/m2
|
= 1 lx = 1 lm/m2
|
phot (CGS unit)
|
ph
|
≡ lm/cm2
|
= 1×104 lx
|
Radiation - source activity
Radioactivity
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
becquerel (SI unit) |
Bq
|
≡ Number of disintegrations per second
|
= 1 Bq = 1/s
|
curie |
Ci
|
≡ 3.7×1010 Bq
|
= 3.7×1010 Bq [34]
|
rutherford(H) |
rd
|
≡ 1 MBq
|
= 1×106 Bq
|
Please note that although becquerel (Bq) and hertz (Hz) both ultimately refer to the same SI base unit (s−1), Hz is used only for periodic phenomena, and Bq is only used for stochastic processes associated with radioactivity.[35]
Radiation - exposure
Radiation - exposure
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
roentgen |
R
|
1 R ≡ 2.58×10-4 C/kg[31]
|
= 2.58×10-4 C/kg
|
The roentgen is not an SI unit and the NIST strongly discourages its continued use.[36]
Radiation - absorbed dose
Radiation - absorbed dose
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
gray (SI unit) |
Gy
|
≡ 1 J/kg = 1 m2/s2 [37]
|
= 1 Gy
|
rad |
rad
|
≡ 0.01 Gy[31]
|
= 0.01 Gy
|
Radiation - equivalent dose
Radiation - equivalent dose
Name of unit
|
Symbol
|
Definition
|
Relation to SI units
|
Röntgen equivalent man |
rem
|
≡ 0.01 Sv
|
= 0.01 Sv
|
sievert (SI unit) |
Sv
|
≡ 1 J/kg[35]
|
= 1 Sv
|
Although the definitions for sievert (Sv) and gray (Gy) would seem to indicate that they measure the same quantities, this is not the case. The effect of receiving a certain dose of radiation (given as Gy) is variable and depends on many factors, thus a new unit was needed to denote the biological effectiveness of that dose on the body; this is known as the equivalent dose and is shown in Sv. The general relationship between absorbed dose and equivalent dose can be represented as
- H = Q · D
where H is the equivalent dose, D is the absorbed dose, and Q is a dimensionless quality factor. Thus, for any quantity of D measured in Gy, the numerical value for H measured in Sv may be different.[38]
Software tools
Home and office computers come with converters in bundled spreadsheet applications or can access free converters via the Internet. Units and measurements can be easily converted using these tools, but only if the units are explicitly defined and the conversion is compatible (e.g., cmHg to kPa).
General commercial sources of converters
-
Advanced electronic calculators have unit-conversion functionality.
-
Spreadsheet programs usually provide conversion functions or formulas or the user can write their own.
- Commercial mathematical, scientific and technical applications often include converters.
In fiction
When a measure is converted to another unit in a fiction work like a novel or film, the value often loses meaning (as in numerology) or gets too many significant digits ("40 miles" turns into "64 km"). For this reason, authors sometimes choose numbers that can be converted easily. Most notably, distances measured in miles often begin with 3 or 5, so the value ghjcfugffyhfdfgjvcgconverted to km also has one significant digit (5 or 8).
參見
參考資料
-
^ http://www.nature.com/news/the-astronomical-unit-gets-fixed-1.11416
-
^ "NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty." (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)(2006). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
-
^ 3.0 3.1 National Institute of Standards and Technology General Tables of Units of Measurement. [2012-10-20]. (原始內容存檔於2011-12-10).
-
^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Lide, D. (Ed.). (1990). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (71st ed). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Section 1.
-
^ 5.0 5.1 National Bureau of Standards. (June 30, 1959). Refinement of values for the yard and the pound. Federal Register, viewed September 20, 2006 at National Geodetic Survey web site (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館).
-
^ The International Astronomical Union and Astronomical Units. [2012-10-20]. (原始內容存檔於2009-10-22).
-
^ Klein, Herbert Arthur.(1988). The Science of Measurement: a Historical Survey. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications 0-4862-5839-4.
-
^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 The International System of Units, Section 2.1 8, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, 2006 [August 26, 2009], (原始內容存檔於2009年10月1日)
-
^ International System of Units, (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) 8th ed. (2006), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Section 4.1 Table 8.
-
^ P. Kenneth Seidelmann, Ed. (1992). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. p. 716 and s.v. parsec in Glossary.
-
^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Whitelaw, Ian. (2007). A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement. New York: Macmillan 0-312-37026-1. p. 152.
-
^ 12.0 12.1 De Vinne, Theodore Low (1900). The practice of typography: a treatise on the processes of type-making, the point system, the names, sizes, styles and prices of plain printing types 2nd ed. New York: The Century Co. p. 142–150.
-
^ Pasko, Wesley Washington (1894). American dictionary of printing and bookmaking. (1894). New York: Howard Lockwood. p. 521.
-
^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Rowlett, Russ, How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement, 2005 [2012-10-20], (原始內容存檔於2018-10-06)
-
^ Thompson, A. and Taylor, B.N. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811. p. 57.
-
^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 US Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Section 101.9, Paragraph (b)(5)(viii), [August 29, 2009], (原始內容存檔於2009年8月13日)
-
^ Barry N. Taylor, Ed.,NIST Special Publication 330: The International System of Units (SI) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (2001 Edition), Washington: US Government Printing Office, 43,"The 12th Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM)…declares that the word 「litre」 may be employed as a special name for the cubic decimetre".
-
^ CODATA Value: atomic uint of mass. (2006). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
-
^ The Swiss Federal Office for Metrology gives Zentner on a German language web page 存档副本. [2006-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2006-09-28). and quintal on the English translation of that page 存档副本. [2006-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2001-03-09). ; the unit is marked "spécifiquement suisse !"
-
^ 20.0 20.1 Pedersen O. (1983). "Glossary" in Coyne, G., Hoskin, M., and Pedersen, O. Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary. Vatican Observatory. Available from Astrophysics Data System.
-
^ Richards, E.G., Mapping Time, Oxford University Press: 94–95, 1998, ISBN 0-19-850413-6
-
^ Steel, Duncan, Marking Time, John Wiley & Sons: 46, 2000, ISBN 0-471-29827-1
-
^ Tom Benson. (2010.) "Mach Number" (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) in Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics. NASA.
-
^ CODATA Value: atomic unit of force (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). (2006). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved September 14, 2008.
-
^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 Comité International des Poids et Mesures, Resolution 2, 1946 [August 26, 2009], (原始內容存檔於2008-07-25)
-
^ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 26.12 26.13 26.14 26.15 Barry N. Taylor, (April 1 995), Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (NIST Special Publication 811), Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, pp. 57–68.
-
^ Barry N. Taylor, (April 1995), Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (NIST Special Publication 811), Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, p. 5.
-
^ International System of Units, (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) 8th ed. (2006), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Section 4.1 Table 7.
-
^ The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, 2006 [August 26, 2009]
-
^ Robert G. Mortimer Physical chemistry,Academic Press, 2000 ISBN 0-12-508345-9, page 677
-
^ 31.0 31.1 31.2 NIST Guide to SI Units, Appendix B.9, [August 27, 2009], (原始內容存檔於2016-01-27)
-
^ Standard for the Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997. (1997). New York and West Conshohocken, PA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and American Society for Testing and Materials. Tables A.1 through A.5.
-
^ The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, [August 28, 2009], (原始內容存檔於2013-12-16)
-
^ Ambler Thompson & Barry N. Taylor. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Special Publication 811. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 10.
-
^ 35.0 35.1 The International System of Units, Section 2.2.2., Table 3 8, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, 2006 [August 27, 2009], (原始內容存檔於2007年6月18日)
-
^ The NIST Guide to the SI (Special Publication 811), section 5.2, 2008 [August 27, 2009], (原始內容存檔於2008-06-12)
-
^ Ambler Thompson & Barry N. Taylor. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Special Publication 811. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 5.
-
^ Comité international des poids et mesures, 2002, Recommendation 2, [August 27, 2009]
- Notes
外部連結