冠狀動脈疾病
冠狀動脈疾病 coronary artery disease | |
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同義詞 | Atherosclerotic heart disease,[1]atherosclerotic vascular disease,[2]coronary heart disease[3] |
冠狀動脈粥樣(atherosclerosis)硬化示意圖 | |
症狀 | 胸痛、呼吸困難[4] |
併發症 | 心臟衰竭、心律不整[5] |
類型 | artery disease[*], 心血管疾病 |
肇因 | 心臟的動脈 粥樣硬化[6] |
風險因子 | 高血壓、吸菸、糖尿病、缺乏運動、肥胖症、高膽固醇血症[6][7] |
診斷方法 | 心電圖、cardiac stress test, coronary computed tomographic angiography, coronary angiogram[8] |
預防 | 健康的飲食、規律運動、維持健康的體重、不吸菸[9] |
治療 | Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG)[10] |
藥物 | 阿司匹林, β受體阻滯劑, 硝酸甘油[10] |
盛行率 | 1.1 億 (2015)[11] |
死亡數 | |
分類和外部資源 | |
醫學專科 | 心臟病學、心臟外科 |
ICD-9-CM | 410-414.99、414.0、414.9、414.00 |
OMIM | 300464、607339、608316、608318、608320、610947、611139、612030、614293 |
MedlinePlus | 007115 |
eMedicine | 349040 |
Patient UK | epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease 冠狀動脈疾病 coronary artery disease |
冠狀動脈疾病 | |
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類型 | artery disease[*], 心血管疾病 |
肇因 | 動脈硬化 |
風險因子 | 吸菸 |
分類和外部資源 | |
醫學專科 | 心臟科、pediatric cardiac surgery |
ICD-10 | I20 -I25 |
ICD-9-CM | 410-414, 429.2 |
OMIM | [1] |
MedlinePlus | 007115 |
eMedicine | radio/192 |
Patient UK | epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease 冠狀動脈疾病 |
MeSH | D003324 |
冠狀動脈疾病(英語:coronary artery disease, CAD)又稱缺血性心臟病(英語:ischemic heart disease, IHD)、冠狀動脈粥樣硬化心臟病、冠狀動脈粥樣硬化心血管疾病(英語:coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, CAHD)和冠狀動脈心臟病(英語:coronary heart disease)(簡稱冠心病),涉及心臟動脈的斑塊堆積(動脈粥樣硬化)導致流向心肌的血流降低。冠狀動脈疾病是最常見的心血管疾病。型態包含穩定型心絞痛、非穩定型心絞痛、心肌梗塞和猝死。常見的症狀包括胸痛或不適,有時會轉移到肩膀、手臂、背部、頸部或下顎。有些人可能會有胸口灼熱的感覺。通常症狀在運動或情緒壓力下出現,持續時間不超過數分鐘且休息會緩解。有時會伴隨呼吸困難,有時則是毫無症狀。少數人以心肌梗塞為最初的表現。其他可能的併發症包含心臟衰竭或心律不整。
危險因子包括:高血壓、抽菸、糖尿病、缺乏運動、肥胖、血液中膽固醇含量過高、營養不良和酗酒等[6][19]。其他的危險因子也包括憂鬱症[20]。潛在的病理機制與冠狀動脈血管的粥狀硬化有關[6]。心電圖、心臟壓力測試與冠狀動脈血管攝影是常見有助於診斷的工具[21]。
預防方式包括:健康飲食、規律運動、體重控制以及戒菸[9]。視情況合併使用藥物控制高血糖、高膽固醇或高血壓[9]。只有很有限的證據支持對低風險且沒有症狀的民眾實施篩檢[22]。最初治療和預防措施一樣,包括生活方式調整以及三高(高血糖、高膽固醇或高血壓)的控制[10][23]。進一步的藥物治療包括阿斯匹靈、乙型交感神經阻斷劑或硝酸甘油的醫療用途[10]。在病況較嚴重的情形下,會考慮進行經皮冠狀動脈介入治療或是冠狀動脈繞道手術[10][24]。對於穩定型心絞痛,經皮冠狀動脈介入治療或是冠狀動脈繞道手術,對於提升存活年限或降低未來心臟病發的效果仍不明確[25]。
冠狀動脈疾病在西元2002年是全球第一大死因[26],也是人們住院的主要原因之一[27]。2013年也是全球死因首位,死亡人數自1990年574萬人(12%)攀升至2013年814萬人(16.8%)[17]。而隨著診斷及治療技術進步,經年齡校正後的冠狀動脈疾病死亡率自1980年至2010年則呈現下降趨勢,尤其在已開發國家更為顯著[28]。同時經年齡校正後的冠狀動脈疾病病例數在1990至2010年間亦呈現下降趨勢[29]。根據美國本土於2010年統計,冠狀動脈疾病盛行率於大於65歲族群為20%、45至64歲為7%、18至45歲為1.3%[30]。針對同一年齡層相比,男性的發生率較女性高[30]。
治療
冠狀動脈是主動脈的分支,負責供應足夠氧和營養素予心肌。冠狀動脈被膽固醇或血凝塊阻塞時,會形成斑塊而引致心臟供血不足,患者需要接受俗稱「通波仔」(粵語打通用的氣球)的血管擴張手術以氣球擴張冠狀動脈,使之暢通。若冠狀動脈血液被嚴重阻塞,可引致很嚴重的後果。血液不能供應到心臟會引致劇烈的心絞痛,然後心臟會衰竭,最嚴重的可導致死亡。當冠心病發作時,須立即口含醫師處方的「脷底丸」(粵語舌下丸之義,成分為硝酸甘油),其可擴張血管,以增加冠狀動脈血流量。冠心病發作可引致嚴重後果,應立即叫救護車求助。
健康的生活方式
- 卡德維爾·愛色斯坦與科林·坎貝爾證明,素食對改善冠心病和動脈硬化有很大效果。他們的同事也從許多研究中確認,素食使得許多患者的病情得以停止發展,甚至出現好轉。[31][32]此類建議(增加素食,減少葷菜)已經在至少50年前就被提出了。[33][34]
- 控制體重
- 停止吸菸、酗酒
- 鍛鍊
- 適量的魚油(尤其是海魚,如金槍魚、三文魚)攝入,以補充ω−3脂肪酸[35]
藥物治療
相關治療手術
參考資料
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外部連結
分類 |
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外部資源 |
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- Risk Assessment of having a heart attack or dying of coronary artery disease, from the American Heart Association.
- Coronary Artery Disease. MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine.